{
  "id": "construction-property-services/line-marking-services-melbourne/line-marking-removal-melbourne-methods-ghost-lines-surface-preparation",
  "title": "Line Marking Removal Melbourne: Methods, Ghost Lines & Surface Preparation",
  "slug": "construction-property-services/line-marking-services-melbourne/line-marking-removal-melbourne-methods-ghost-lines-surface-preparation",
  "description": "",
  "category": "",
  "content": "## Why Line Marking Removal Is the Most Underestimated Step in Any Remarking Project\n\nWhen Melbourne businesses, property managers, and contractors plan a line marking project, the conversation almost always starts with layout design, material selection, and cost per linear metre. Removal barely gets a mention — and that's exactly why ghost lines show up in freshly remarked car parks, why new epoxy peels off within months, and why compliance audits flag remarked warehouse floors as non-conforming.\n\nThe goal of pavement marking removal is simple: create a clean slate for new lines and markings. But achieving that clean slate means matching the right removal method to the surface, understanding what you're removing, and treating surface preparation with the same care you'd apply to the marking itself.\n\nThis article covers the full process of line marking removal in Melbourne — comparing the three main methods, explaining why ghost lines occur and how to prevent them, and walking through the surface preparation steps that determine whether your next layout will last for years or fail within months.\n\n---\n\n## What Is a \"Ghost Line\" and Why Does It Matter?\n\nGhost markings form when old lines are removed but leave a visible outline of what used to be there. They typically show up when roads go through layout changes, or when temporary lines are installed during road widening.\n\nGhost lines aren't just ugly. When we remove road markings because of layout changes, ghost markings sometimes appear, and these can confuse drivers and potentially cause accidents. In a car park, ghost lines from an old bay layout can make drivers park incorrectly, which undermines the new layout's capacity calculations and AS/NZS 2890.1 compliance (see our guide on *Car Park Line Marking Melbourne: Layout Design, Bay Standards & Compliance Guide*).\n\nThe safety problems go beyond human drivers. There's growing concern about ghost markings because the line recognition software in cars struggles to tell whether they're new or ghost lines. Transport authorities across Australia have recognised this challenge on the strategic network and are looking for ways to improve white line management to meet the requirements of lane guidance technology. The line recognition software needs clarity, and ghost lines are one of its biggest obstacles.\n\nIn Melbourne's warehouse and factory environments, the stakes are just as high. A ghost line from a decommissioned forklift lane can be misread by operators, creating a WHS non-compliance risk under the very framework designed to protect workers (see our guide on *Warehouse & Factory Floor Line Marking Melbourne: WHS Compliance, Colour Codes & Layout Planning*).\n\n### Why Ghost Lines Form: The Mechanics\n\nGhost lines result from two distinct mechanisms:\n\n1. **Residual pigment penetration.** Paint — particularly solvent-based and thermoplastic — soaks into the porous upper layer of asphalt and concrete. Even after the surface film is removed, pigment stays trapped in the substrate and bleeds through new paint layers.\n\n2. **Surface profile scarring.** Grinding is one of the most cost-effective methods of removing pavement markings. But it doesn't always leave the pavement surface undamaged. \"Ghost lines\" — a term for the appearance of a line that isn't actually there — often result from the rough surface profile created by the grinding process.\n\nBoth mechanisms can exist on the same site, and both need different corrective strategies.\n\n---\n\n## The Three Primary Line Marking Removal Methods\n\nThere's no single method of line removal that works equally well on all the different line marking materials available today. Often the most effective removal comes from using a combination of methods. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each approach is essential for Melbourne contractors specifying removal works.\n\n### 1. Mechanical Grinding\n\nGrinding uses rotating diamond-tipped or tungsten-carbide heads to physically scrape the marking material off the substrate surface.\n\nScarifying machines use rotating metal blades to remove markings, leaving the surface roughened but clean. Grinding machines, often equipped with diamond blades, grind off the markings and produce a smoother finish than scarifying.\n\n**Productivity:** Grinding removes approximately 50–100 lineal metres per hour.\n\n**Best use case:** Concrete surfaces where new markings will cover the area and budget is the priority.\n\n**Key limitation:** The grinding process works on all types of line marking paint, but it creates a lot of dust and reduces the surface thickness of the substrate. It also leaves ghost marks or scars visible on the surface. These marks aren't safe because they can confuse motorists and cause accidents.\n\nGrinding isn't recommended for sprayed seals or high-texture asphalt. In Melbourne, this matters because spray-sealed car park surfaces are common in older commercial precincts and industrial estates across suburbs like Dandenong, Laverton North, and Campbellfield.\n\nA research survey published on ResearchGate found that grinding was the most frequently used method in the 25 states surveyed, although participants noted that grinding creates ghost stripes because of deep grinding scars and poor removal of existing paint. Painted lines are difficult to fully remove by grinding because the paint penetrates to lower layers of existing pavement.\n\n### 2. Water Blasting (Hydroblasting)\n\nWater blasting, also called hydro blasting, uses high-pressure water jets to remove pavement markings. The method relies on water pressure and, in some cases, abrasive materials to strip away markings from the surface.\n\nIn the Melbourne line marking industry, water blasting typically runs at pressures between 20.7 and 24.1 MPa (3,000 and 3,500 PSI) for standard car park and warehouse applications, scaling up to ultra-high-pressure (UHP) systems for road and thermoplastic removal. A specialist vehicle directs ultra high-pressure water jets onto the markings through a rotating head. The water breaks up the line material while a powerful vacuum system recovers the water and debris into the vehicle, leaving the surface clean and ready for inspection or re-marking. The operator can adjust pressure and speed so the system removes the markings while protecting the road or pavement beneath.\n\n**Productivity:** Water blasting is slightly slower than grinding at 30–60 metres per hour.\n\n**Best use case:** Asphalt surfaces or anywhere appearance must be preserved.\n\n**Key advantage:** As workplace safety awareness grows, water blasting offers a safer alternative to grinding in heavily populated areas because it doesn't create dust during road marking removal. This matters for Melbourne hospital car parks, school zones, and shopping centre environments where dust exposure is a legitimate WHS and public liability concern.\n\n**Thermoplastic limitation:** Water blasting causes minimal scarring but isn't powerful enough for smoothing uneven surfaces or for inlay and grooving applications, and it won't remove thermoplastic paint at standard pressures. Thermoplastic removal requires either UHP systems or a combination approach (see our guide on *Line Marking Paint & Materials Compared* for context on thermoplastic thickness and bonding characteristics).\n\n**Water consumption note:** The drawbacks of high-pressure water blasting systems include high water consumption (approximately 110 litres per minute or more) and higher initial cost. For Melbourne projects subject to water use restrictions — particularly during declared water restriction periods under Melbourne Water's framework — contractors must account for water recovery and recycling systems.\n\n### 3. Chemical Stripping\n\nChemical removal uses specialised chemicals to break down the bond between the pavement marking material and the surface. This method is commonly used for removing paint-based markings. It offers precision removal, especially for intricate markings, and can be used on various surfaces, including asphalt and concrete.\n\n**Dwell time:** Chemical stripping requires 2–4 hours dwell time plus removal.\n\n**Best use case:** Delicate surfaces or sites with noise restrictions. This makes it relevant for Melbourne aged care facilities, hospital precincts, and heritage-listed buildings where mechanical noise is prohibited during certain hours.\n\n**Industry caution:** Chemical stripping is rarely recommended for large-scale removal because of cost and time factors. It's reserved for delicate or historic surfaces.\n\nEnvironmental disposal requirements apply under Victoria's Environment Protection Act 2017. Chemical runoff from stripping operations must be contained and disposed of according to EPA Victoria guidelines — a compliance requirement that adds cost and complexity to chemical removal projects.\n\n---\n\n## Method Comparison Table: Choosing the Right Approach for Melbourne Sites\n\n| Method | Best Surface | Marking Types | Ghost Line Risk | Dust/Fume Risk | Cost Range (AUD/lm) | Speed |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Mechanical Grinding | Concrete | All types, incl. epoxy | **High** | High | $8–$15 | Fast (50–100 lm/hr) |\n| Water Blasting (20.7–24.1 MPa) | Asphalt, concrete | Waterborne, solvent-based | **Low** | Negligible | $12–$20 | Moderate (30–60 lm/hr) |\n| UHP Water Blasting | Asphalt, concrete | Thermoplastic, MMA | **Very Low** | Negligible | $18–$30+ | Moderate |\n| Chemical Stripping | Delicate/decorative | Paint-based only | **Low–Moderate** | Moderate (fumes) | $20–$35+ | Slow (2–4 hr dwell) |\n\n*Cost ranges are indicative for Melbourne metro projects. Actual costs vary by site access, traffic management requirements, and surface condition.*\n\n---\n\n## Surface Preparation After Removal: The Step That Determines New Marking Longevity\n\nRemoval isn't the final step before remarking — surface preparation is. No more than two layers of permanent pavement markings are recommended on roadways. Before installing epoxy pavement markings and any surface-applied preformed plastic pavement markings, existing markings should be removed from the pavement as much as possible.\n\nAustroads guidance specifies that methods that don't materially alter or damage the surface or texture of the pavement should be used to avoid \"ghost\" lines or grind marks that may appear through new markings.\n\nIn Melbourne, a proper surface preparation sequence following removal includes:\n\n1. **Visual inspection for residual pigment.** Check under different lighting conditions — morning and afternoon sun angles reveal ghost line profiles that are invisible under flat midday light. Melbourne's summer UV intensity can bleach surface pigment, making inspection in early morning preferable.\n\n2. **Secondary treatment where required.** Ghost marks or scars may need a secondary process like water blasting to remove them after initial grinding. On concrete warehouse floors, a secondary water blast after grinding is industry best practice for zero-ghost-line outcomes.\n\n3. **Surface profile assessment.** New thermoplastic and two-pack epoxy require a minimum surface profile (CSP rating) for mechanical adhesion. Grinding inherently creates profile; water blasting preserves the existing profile. If the original surface is too smooth for epoxy adhesion, controlled grinding or shot blasting may be required.\n\n4. **Drying time.** Melbourne's variable weather — including its notorious four-seasons-in-one-day pattern — means surface moisture must be fully expelled before application. Moisture trapped beneath new markings is a primary cause of early delamination, particularly with two-pack epoxy systems.\n\n5. **Contamination removal.** Oil, fuel, and rubber deposits common in Melbourne car parks and loading docks must be degreased before remarking. Applying waterborne paint over oil contamination guarantees failure.\n\nFor outdoor surfaces, water blasting is recommended so the contrast doesn't look as noticeable before installing line marking. After grinding, water blasting the surface is also recommended so the initial contrast isn't so distracting before renewing the line marking.\n\n---\n\n## When \"Blacking Out\" Is Not a Removal Strategy\n\nA common cost-cutting practice is to apply bituminous blackout paint over existing markings rather than physically removing them. This technique isn't permanent because it's only covering the old line markings. In Melbourne's climate, where summer temperatures regularly exceed 35°C, blackout paint applied over thermoplastic markings on asphalt will soften, crack, and allow the underlying marking to bleed through within one to two Melbourne summers.\n\nMore critically, blackout paint doesn't constitute removal under VicRoads Technical Note TN 112 — *Removal of Pavement Markings* — which provides the governing guidance for pavement marking removal on Victorian roads. Complete removal using grinding or 20.7–24.1 MPa water blasting is the standard that eliminates ghost lines bleeding through new layouts. Contractors who specify blackout paint as the removal method on VicRoads-regulated roads risk non-conformance findings on project completion inspections.\n\n---\n\n## Special Considerations for Thermoplastic Removal in Melbourne\n\nThermoplastic line marking materials require special considerations because the line marking is thicker than other paints. Thermoplastic applied in Melbourne's road network — including the significant volume of school zone and pedestrian crossing markings — is typically 2–4 mm thick, compared to 0.3–0.5 mm for waterborne paint. This thickness difference means:\n\n- Standard water blasting at 20.7–24.1 MPa won't fully remove thermoplastic\n- Diamond grinding works but creates significant surface scarring\n- UHP water blasting (above 137.9 MPa) or a combination of grinding followed by water blasting is the industry-preferred approach\n\nAbrasive blasting is particularly effective for removing thick and durable markings, such as those made from thermoplastic materials. Wet abrasive blasting with garnet media (Mohs hardness 7.5–8.5) provides an effective middle-ground for thermoplastic removal on concrete surfaces without the extreme surface damage of dry grinding.\n\n---\n\n## Key Takeaways\n\n- How you remove markings really matters because the wrong method can damage the road surface, leave ghost lines that confuse drivers, create too much dust, noise or waste, and increase programme time and overall cost.\n\n- **Ghost lines have two causes:** residual pigment penetration into the substrate, and surface profile scarring from grinding — each requiring a different corrective approach before new markings are applied.\n\n- **Method selection must match surface type:** Grinding isn't recommended for sprayed seals or high-texture asphalt. Water blasting is preferred for asphalt; grinding is appropriate for concrete when new markings will cover the area.\n\n- **Surface preparation is a distinct phase from removal** — it includes secondary treatment, profile assessment, drying, and contamination removal before any new paint is applied.\n\n- **Blackout paint is not a removal method** — it's a temporary measure that fails in Melbourne's climate and doesn't meet VicRoads TN 112 removal standards for regulated roads.\n\n- There's no single method of line removal that works equally well on all the different line marking materials available today. Often effective line removal comes from using a combination of methods.\n\n---\n\n## Conclusion\n\nLine marking removal is the technical foundation on which every successful remarking project in Melbourne is built. Whether you're redesigning a car park layout to meet updated AS/NZS 2890.1 bay standards, reconfiguring a warehouse floor for new forklift traffic patterns, or replacing faded road markings on a council-managed road, the removal and surface preparation phase determines whether the new markings will perform at specification or fail prematurely.\n\nThe choice between water blasting, mechanical grinding, and chemical stripping isn't arbitrary — it's a technical decision driven by surface type, marking material, environmental constraints, and the tolerance for ghost line risk in the finished product. Melbourne's combination of high UV, variable temperatures, and diverse surface types across its commercial and industrial precincts makes method selection more consequential here than in many other Australian cities.\n\nFor projects involving new layout design following removal, see our guides on *Car Park Line Marking Melbourne: Layout Design, Bay Standards & Compliance Guide* and *Warehouse & Factory Floor Line Marking Melbourne: WHS Compliance, Colour Codes & Layout Planning*. For understanding how material choice affects both the durability of new markings and the difficulty of future removal, see *Line Marking Paint & Materials Compared: Thermoplastic, Epoxy, MMA, Waterborne & More*.\n\n---\n\n## References\n\n- VicRoads. *\"Technical Note TN 112 – Removal of Pavement Markings.\"* VicRoads Technical Publications, October 2020. https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/-/media/files/technical-documents-new/technical-notes/technical-note-tn-112-removal-of-pavement-markings-october-2020.ashx\n\n- Austroads. *\"AP-R578-18: Harmonisation of Pavement Markings and National Pavement Marking Specification.\"* Austroads Research Report, 2018. https://austroads.gov.au/publications/asset-management/ap-r578-18\n\n- Austroads. *\"Pavement Marking Practice Guide.\"* Austroads Technical Publications, 2020. https://austroads.gov.au/publications\n\n- Northern Territory Department of Transport. *\"Removal of Line Marking — Policy Document.\"* NT Government, Infrastructure Division. https://dli.nt.gov.au/media/docs/industry/RemovalofLineMarking_000.pdf\n\n- Burghardt, Tomasz E. et al. *\"Temporary Road Marking Paint for Vehicle Perception Tests.\"* ResearchGate / Scientific Diagram (Survey of Temporary Marking Removal Methods), 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Temporary-marking-removal-actions-at-the-test-sites\n\n- Line Marking Australia. *\"Line Marking Removal Methods: Grinding, Blasting, Chemical.\"* linemarkingaustralia.com.au, November 2025. https://linemarkingaustralia.com.au/blog/line-marking-removal-methods-grinding-blasting-chemical\n\n- Quantum Blast Australia. *\"Wet Blasting for Line Marking Removal.\"* quantumblast.com.au, 2023. https://quantumblast.com.au/line-marking-removal/\n\n- WJ Group. *\"How to Remove Road Markings — Expert Guide.\"* wj.uk.com, November 2025. https://www.wj.uk/advice/remove-road-markings/\n\n- Standards Australia. *AS 1742.2:2009 — Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices: Traffic Control Devices for General Use.* Standards Australia, 2009.\n\n---\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n**What is line marking removal?** Physical process of removing old pavement markings from surfaces.\n\n**Why is line marking removal important?** Creates clean slate for new markings to perform properly.\n\n**What is a ghost line?** Visible outline remaining after old line marking is removed.\n\n**Do ghost lines only affect appearance?** No, they create safety and compliance risks.\n\n**Can ghost lines confuse drivers?** Yes, potentially leading to accidents.\n\n**Do ghost lines affect car park compliance?** Yes, undermines AS/NZS 2890.1 compliance.\n\n**Can autonomous vehicles detect ghost lines?** No, lane recognition software struggles with ghost lines.\n\n**What causes ghost lines to form?** Residual pigment penetration into substrate.\n\n**What is the second cause of ghost lines?** Surface profile scarring from grinding process.\n\n**Can both ghost line causes occur together?** Yes, on the same site.\n\n**Do different ghost line causes need different solutions?** Yes, each requires different corrective strategies.\n\n**How many primary line removal methods exist?** Three primary methods.\n\n**What is mechanical grinding?** Uses rotating diamond-tipped heads to abrade markings.\n\n**What blades do scarifying machines use?** Rotating metal blades.\n\n**What blades do grinding machines use?** Diamond blades.\n\n**How much can grinding remove per hour?** 50–100 lineal metres per hour.\n\n**When is grinding best used?** When surface is concrete and budget is priority.\n\n**Does grinding create dust?** Yes, creates significant dust.\n\n**Does grinding reduce surface thickness?** Yes, reduces substrate surface thickness.\n\n**Does grinding leave visible marks?** Yes, leaves ghost marks or scars.\n\n**Is grinding recommended for spray-sealed surfaces?** No, not recommended.\n\n**Is grinding recommended for high-texture asphalt?** No, not recommended.\n\n**What is water blasting also called?** Hydroblasting.\n\n**What pressure is used for standard water blasting in Melbourne?** 20.7 to 24.1 MPa (3,000 to 3,500 PSI).\n\n**What pressure is used for thermoplastic removal?** Above 137.9 MPa (20,000 PSI) ultra-high-pressure.\n\n**How much can water blasting remove per hour?** 30–60 metres per hour.\n\n**When is water blasting best used?** When surface is asphalt or appearance must be preserved.\n\n**Does water blasting create dust?** No, negligible dust.\n\n**Is standard water blasting effective on thermoplastic?** No, not powerful enough at standard pressures.\n\n**How much water does high-pressure blasting consume?** Approximately 110 litres per minute or more.\n\n**What is chemical stripping?** Uses specialised chemicals to break down marking bonds.\n\n**How long does chemical stripping require?** 2–4 hours dwell time plus removal.\n\n**When is chemical stripping best used?** When surface is delicate or noise restrictions apply.\n\n**Is chemical stripping recommended for large-scale removal?** No, rarely recommended due to cost and time.\n\n**What environmental act governs chemical disposal in Victoria?** Environment Protection Act 2017.\n\n**Must chemical runoff be contained?** Yes, and disposed per EPA Victoria guidelines.\n\n**What is the cost range for mechanical grinding per lineal metre?** $8–$15 AUD.\n\n**What is the cost range for standard water blasting per lineal metre?** $12–$20 AUD.\n\n**What is the cost range for UHP water blasting per lineal metre?** $18–$30+ AUD.\n\n**What is the cost range for chemical stripping per lineal metre?** $20–$35+ AUD.\n\n**How many layers of permanent markings are recommended maximum?** No more than two layers.\n\n**Should existing markings be removed before epoxy installation?** Yes, to maximum extent possible.\n\n**What lighting conditions reveal ghost lines best?** Morning and afternoon sun angles.\n\n**When is surface moisture inspection best in Melbourne?** Early morning preferred.\n\n**Does grinding create surface profile?** Yes, inherently creates profile.\n\n**Does water blasting preserve surface profile?** Yes, preserves existing profile.\n\n**What causes early delamination in epoxy systems?** Moisture trapped beneath new markings.\n\n**Should oil be removed before remarking?** Yes, must be degreased.\n\n**Is blackout paint a permanent removal method?** No, only covers old markings.\n\n**What temperature causes blackout paint to fail in Melbourne?** Above 35°C regularly.\n\n**Does blackout paint meet VicRoads TN 112 standards?** No, does not constitute removal.\n\n**How thick is thermoplastic line marking typically?** 2–4 mm thick.\n\n**How thick is waterborne paint typically?** 0.3–0.5 mm thick.\n\n**Will standard water blasting fully remove thermoplastic?** No, not at 20.7–24.1 MPa.\n\n**What is the preferred method for thermoplastic removal?** UHP water blasting or grinding plus water blasting combination.\n\n**What is garnet media Mohs hardness?** 7.5–8.5.\n\n**Is wet abrasive blasting effective on thermoplastic?** Yes, on concrete surfaces.\n\n**What VicRoads document governs pavement marking removal?** Technical Note TN 112.\n\n**What Australian standard covers traffic control devices?** AS 1742.2:2009.\n\n**What standard covers car park bay dimensions?** AS/NZS 2890.1.\n\n**Is surface preparation a separate phase from removal?** Yes, distinct phase.\n\n**What does surface preparation include?** Secondary treatment, profile assessment, drying, contamination removal.\n\n**Can one removal method work for all marking materials?** No, no single method works equally well.\n\n**Is combination removal sometimes necessary?** Yes, often most effective approach.\n\n**Does Melbourne's climate affect removal method selection?** Yes, makes method selection more consequential.\n\n**What UV condition affects Melbourne projects?** High UV intensity.\n\n**Does Melbourne experience variable temperatures?** Yes, four-seasons-in-one-day pattern.\n\n**Are Melbourne summers relevant to blackout paint failure?** Yes, exceeding 35°C causes failure within one-two summers.\n\n**What water restrictions may affect Melbourne projects?** Melbourne Water's declared restriction periods.\n\n**Must water recovery systems be used during restrictions?** Yes, contractors must account for recycling systems.\n\n**Is noise restriction relevant for some Melbourne sites?** Yes, aged care and heritage buildings have prohibitions.\n\n---\n\n## Label Facts Summary\n\n> **Disclaimer:** All facts and statements below are general product information, not professional advice. Consult relevant experts for specific guidance.\n\n### Verified Label Facts\n\n**No Product Facts table present in content.** This content is an informational article about line marking removal services and methods, not a physical product with packaging or specifications.\n\n**Technical Specifications from Content:**\n- Water blasting pressure range: 20.7–24.1 MPa (standard); 137.9+ MPa (ultra-high-pressure)\n- Water consumption: approximately 110 litres per minute or more (high-pressure systems)\n- Grinding productivity: 50–100 lineal metres per hour\n- Water blasting productivity: 30–60 metres per hour\n- Chemical stripping dwell time: 2–4 hours plus removal time\n- Thermoplastic marking thickness: 2–4 mm\n- Waterborne paint thickness: 0.3–0.5 mm\n- Garnet media Mohs hardness: 7.5–8.5\n- Cost ranges (AUD per lineal metre): Grinding $8–$15; Standard water blasting $12–$20; UHP water blasting $18–$30+; Chemical stripping $20–$35+\n- Maximum recommended permanent marking layers: 2 layers\n\n**Referenced Standards & Documents:**\n- VicRoads Technical Note TN 112 (October 2020): https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/-/media/files/technical-documents-new/technical-notes/technical-note-tn-112-removal-of-pavement-markings-october-2020.ashx\n- AS/NZS 2890.1 (car park bay standards)\n- AS 1742.2:2009 (traffic control devices)\n- Victoria's Environment Protection Act 2017\n- Austroads Pavement Marking Practice Guide (2020): https://austroads.gov.au/publications\n\n### General Product Claims\n\n- Line marking removal is \"the most underestimated step\" in remarking projects\n- Ghost lines can \"confuse road users, potentially leading to accidents\"\n- Lane recognition software in autonomous vehicles has \"trouble determining whether they are new or ghost lines\"\n- Grinding is \"one of the most cost-effective methods\"\n- Water blasting is \"a safe alternative to grinding in heavily populated areas\"\n- Chemical stripping \"offers precision removal, especially for intricate markings\"\n- Blackout paint \"is not permanent\" and will \"soften, crack, and allow the underlying marking to bleed through within one to two Melbourne summers\"\n- \"Surface preparation is the step that determines new marking longevity\"\n- Melbourne's climate makes \"method selection more consequential here than in many other Australian cities\"\n- \"No single method of line removal works equally well on the wide variety of line marking materials available\"",
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